As the solar power industry has taken a center stage, there are varied range of solar panels available in the market, complicating the decision-making process for installation. Also, though the costs of solar cells continue to plunge, the costs of installation and the associated equipment remain relatively constant. So, figuring out the tradeoffs involved in planning a new installation has become more complicated. The new study by MIT researchers provides a clear way to estimate the best technology for a given project.
The team of researchers includes MIT graduate student Sarah Sofia, associate professor of mechanical engineering Tonio Buonassisi, research scientist I. Marius Peters, and three others at MIT and at First Solar and Siva Power, solar companies in California. They have come up with a way to figure out the best option for a given location and type of installation. The bottom line is that for household-scale rooftop systems in relatively dry locations, the more efficient but more costly panels would be better, but for grid-scale installations or for those in wetter climates, the established, less efficient but cheaper panels are better.
The study compared two basic varieties of solar cells: standard designs that use a single type of photovoltaic material, and advanced designs that combine two different types (called tandem cells) in order to capture more of the energy in sunlight. For the tandem cells, the researchers also compared different varieties: those in which each of the two cells are connected together in series, called two-junction tandem cells, and those where each cell is separately wired, called four-junction tandem cells.
Instead of just looking at the amount of power each kind can deliver, the team analysed all the associated installation and operational costs over time, to produce a measurement called the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE), a measure that incorporates all the costs and revenues over the lifetime of the system.
“Standard single-junction cells have a maximum efficiency limit of about 30 per cent,” grad student Sarah Sofia told MIT News. “Tandem cells, using two materials, can have much higher efficiency, above 40 per cent.”
For their analysis, the team looked at three types of environment — arid (Arizona), temperate (South Dakota), and humid (Florida) — because the amount of water vapor in the air can affect how much sunlight reaches the solar cell. In each of these locations, they compared the standard two kinds of single-junction solar cells (cadmium telluride, or CdTe, and copper-indium-gallium-selenide, or CIGS) with two different types of tandem cells, two-junction or four-junction. Thus, a total of four different technologies were studied in each environment. In addition, they studied how the overall LCOE of the installations would be affected depending on whether overall energy prices remain constant or decline over time, as many analysts expect.
The results were somewhat surprising. “For residential systems, we showed that the four-terminal tandem system was the best option, regardless of location,” Sofia says. But for utility-scale installations, the cell with the lowest production costs is the best deal, the researchers found.
The new findings could be significant for those planning new solar installations. Sofia says, “For me, showing that a four-terminal tandem cell had a clear opportunity to succeed was not obvious. It really shows the importance of having a high energy yield in a residential system.”
But because utility-scale systems can spread the costs of the installation and the control systems over many more panels, and because space tends to be less constrained in such installations, “we never saw an opportunity” for the more costly, efficient cells in such settings. In large arrays, “because the installation costs are so cheap, they just want the cheapest cells (per watt of power),” she says.
Researchers say that their study could help to guide research priorities in solar technology. The methodology the team developed for making the comparisons should be applicable to many other comparisons of solar technologies, not just the specific types chose for this study, Sofia says. “For thin-film technologies, this is generalisable,” she adds.
Because the materials they studied for the four-terminal case are already commercialised, Sofia says, “if there was a company that had an interest,” practical, affordable four-junction tandem systems for residential applications could potentially be brought to market quite quickly.
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