According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), electrical fires have consistently taken high proportions all around the world. Electrical failure or malfunctions account for almost 34,000 home fires, on an average per year – and result in roughly 440 deaths and $1.3 billion in direct property damage.
This is a particular threat to homes built before the 1950s when electrical wiring standards were less stringent than they are today. However, even newer homes are at risk for an electrical fire. While older homes were built to handle 30 amps of current, most new homes demand 100 to 200 amps. This demand places a significant strain on a home’s wiring and electrical system.
Case Studies
Several case studies illustrate the severity of electrical fires:
- Grenfell Tower Fire, UK (2017): A fault line caused 72 deaths, revealing the risks of outdated materials and lack of fire safety measures.
- Kumbakonam School Fire, India (2004): An electrical short circuit led to a fire, killing 94 children and exposing poor safety standards in schools.
- California Wildfires: Recent fires, often caused by electrical malfunctions, have caused fatalities and significant property damage.
Globally, electrical fires are a major issue. China’s Fire Rescue Bureau reported that 42.7% of all fires from 2012 to 2021 were electrical. Tokyo’s Fire Department reported a 35.6% proportion in 2021. In the US, 13% of all home fires annually involve electrical failures.
An electrical fire accident caused by glowing contact broke out in a food factory in Fuyang City, Anhui Province in China on 2nd, July 2021.
The ignition process was captured by a surveillance camera as depicted in Fig. 1. The glowing phenomena lasted for around 8 hours intermittently from the first appearance to ignition. The glowing extinguished and reappeared three times prior to ignition. Once the surrounding combustible paperboard was ignited, the flame grew rapidly in less than 15 minutes.
In the past six months, India has witnessed a staggering number of fire incidents, resulting in tragic loss of lives and extensive property damage. Many of these fires were caused by electrical short circuits, highlighting a pressing need for heightened awareness and preventive measures.
(SRC:https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ short-circuit-is-cause-of-most-fires-shows data/articleshow/89066561.cms)
Examining the data on a regional scale reveals alarming trends. Maharashtra recorded the highest number of fire incidents, with 24 reported cases, followed by Tamil Nadu with 12 incidents. Other states such as Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Andhra Pradesh also reported significant numbers of fire incidents. This regional distribution underscores the widespread nature of the problem, necessitating urgent action on a national level.
Source: https://copperindia.org/preventing-electricalfire-incidents-the-urgent-need-in-india/
Source: https://copperindia.org/preventing-electricalfire-incidents-the-urgent-need-in-india/
From July to December 2023, a total of 112 fire incidents were reported across India. Shockingly, these incidents resulted in 131 fatalities and 164 injuries. Residential areas bore the brunt of 40 incidents, while commercial complexes experienced 72 fires. The primary culprit behind these fires was electrical short circuits, accounting for 58 incidents, followed closely by electrical faults (49). Despite the grave consequences, a significant number of incidents remain of unknown origin.
Fire Catching Phenomenon: Insights And Analysis
A series of studies on Fire Catching from various perspectives were developed. The mechanism of its generation can be stated as follows:
The Joule heat produced by high contact resistance promotes the oxidation of copper on the contact surface. There is a positive feedback loop between the overheating and the accumulation of copper oxide.
Eventually, glowing occurs when a certain temperature is reached. After glowing, the copper oxide bridge grows with time linearly. The growth rate is affected by contact materials and currents. Technical instruments, such as SEM-EDS, Laser Raman Spectrometer, Metallographic Microscopy, etc., are utilized to analyze the microstructure and composition of the glowing contact. The conductor is totally oxidized based on cross-sectional observations. Besides, cuprous oxide is the primary component in a copper–copper connection, with a tiny quantity of cupric oxide present.
Safety Measures
The following hazards account for the most common electrical injuries:
- Contact with power lines
- Lack of ground fault protection
- Path to ground missing or discontinuous
- Equipment not used in the manner prescribed
- Improper use of extension/flexible cords
Understanding the common causes, warning signs and appropriate safety measures can help prevent an electrical fire in your home.
The most common causes for electrical fires are:
- Incorrectly installed wiring
- Overloaded circuits and extension cords
- Defective or improper plugs, switches and outlets
- Misuse and poor maintenance of lighting
Warning Signs of Faulty Wiring or Electrical Systems
To prevent an electrical fire, learn to recognize the warning signs that indicate a possible wiring or electrical problem.
Contact a licensed electrician immediately to examine and repair electrical problems, if you experience any of the following issues:
- Flickering or dimming lights
- Switches or outlets that are hot to touch and/or emit an acrid odour
- Discolored cords, outlets and switch plates
- Repeatedly blown fuses and tripped circuit breakers
Source:https://stock.adobe.com/images/set-of-safetywarning-signs-and-symbols-for-causes-of-commonelectrical-fires-signs-for-warning-messages-of-usingelectrical-equipment-safely/190067286
Keeping Wiring Systems Safe
Owners should be acquainted with at least one licensed electrician who can help keep their wiring system safe.
Licensed electricians can help:
- Ensure any electrical modifications meet existing codes
- Inspect and repair outlets and switches
- Inspect and make any necessary repairs before you purchase and move
- Replace outdated or malfunctioning fuses and circuit breakers and instruct you on proper usage.
If your home was built between 1965 and 1973, consider having the aluminium wiring inspected. The wall sockets, switches and cable connections installed during this era are frequently problematic because aluminium wiring oxidizes and degrades more quickly than copper wiring. If a complete household rewiring is not an option, copper connector “pigtails” can help mitigate some of the dangers and problems of aluminium wiring.
Cords, Outlets and Plug Safety
Electric currents carried by wiring, switches, plugs and appliances generate heat. Excessive or uncontrolled heat can start fires.
To help prevent electrical fires, know how to use and store plugs and electrical cords and take these precautions:
- Don’t run cords under carpeting, bedding, or other combustible materials; also avoid placing cords across doorways or frequently traveled areas
- Discard frayed or broken cords and never splice two cords together.
- Don’t overload outlets or use extension cords in place of outlets. Call an electrician to install additional outlets as necessary.
- Ensure plugs fit snugly in outlets to prevent shock and excess heat.
Advocating for Only Copper Wiring in Buildings
A common thread among many of these fire incidents is the use of inferior-quality wires and cables. Substandard materials are often prone to overheating, increasing the risk of short circuits and fires. In residential and commercial settings, the consequences of opting for low-quality electrical components can be devastating. Consumers and businesses must prioritize safety and invest in reliable, high-quality wiring solutions.
One solution that stands out as safe & reliable against electrical fires is 100% copper wiring. Copper wires have superior conductivity and durability & are less susceptible to overheating, reducing the risk of electrical faults. Unlike other alternatives, copper maintains its integrity over time, providing a safe and reliable electrical infrastructure in the buildings. In recent times, various government agencies and standard organizations, including the Central Public Works Dept., have come forward to strongly advocate for the adoption of copper wires to mitigate the risk of electrical fires and safeguard lives and property.
Educating Consumers
Central to the mission of preventing electrical fires is education and awareness. Many consumers may not fully grasp the importance of using quality wiring materials or the potential consequences of cutting corners. By disseminating information about the risks associated with poor-quality wires, consumers will be able to make informed decisions and prioritize safety in their electrical installations.
Source:https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/02/gfci-ground-fault-circuit-interrupter-types-working.html
Government Initiatives and Regulations
India’s electrical safety laws are primarily governed by the Electricity Act of 2003, which provides a legal framework for the generation, transmission, distribution, and use of electricity across the nation. Under this act, various rules and guidelines have been established to enforce safety practices at every level of the electrical supply chain.
The Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 further supplement these regulations by addressing specific aspects such as installation requirements. equipment standards, wiring systems, protection against electric shocks, and fire hazards. These rules lay down meticulous guidelines that ensure safety standards are met during the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and inspection of electrical installations.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) plays a vital role in defining technical specifications for electrical appliances to guarantee their compliance with safety standards. Products bearing the ISI mark signify adherence to these specifications. This stringent certification process ensures that consumers can rely on electrical equipment that meets high-quality benchmarks.
Moreover, India’s Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has formulated codes and guidelines to promote safe practices in electrical power systems. These codes cover various technical aspects like earthing practices; protection devices like circuit breakers; insulation coordination; lightning protection; and surge suppression techniques all aimed at mitigating risks associated with electricity.
By mandating ETP grade BIS marked copper wires in building construction projects and conducting regular inspections to ensure compliance, authorities can significantly reduce the incidence of electrical fires.
Importance of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs)
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) are vital for electrical safety, especially in wet areas or where electrical equipment is used outdoors. They prevent shocks, electrocution, and fires where water and electricity might mix. Their proper installation and routine testing are key for a safe electrical environment in all settings. GFCIs monitor the electrical current flow. If a leak is detected, like into water or a person, they cut off power. Some advanced GFCIs self-test and show their functioning status, enhancing reliability and safety.
Prioritizing electrical fire safety through awareness, maintenance, and safe practices is crucial for preventing potentially catastrophic incidents. By implementing the recommendations outlined in this guide, individuals and communities can mitigate risks and ensure a safer environment for all. Stay vigilant, stay informed, and stay safe.
Jayshree Sadangi is a Student in the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Parala Maharaja Engineering College, Berhampur, Odisha, India.
Dr. Sarat Kumar Sahoo is a Professor in the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Parala Maharaja Engineering College, Berhampur, Odisha, India.
