As India moves towards a greener future, the integration of various green fuels, such as hydrogen and electricity for Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers, is crucial. India is currently in the midst of a major transition to electric vehicles. The government has set a target of 30% electric vehicles by 2030, and this is expected to have a significant impact on the country’s fuel infrastructure. Traditional fuel stations will need to be adapted to accommodate electric vehicles, and multi-fuel vending points will be essential for providing drivers with a convenient and reliable way to refuel their vehicles.
Transforming existing fuel stations into hybrid fuel stations has been proposed as an effective strategy for accelerating EV adoption. However, ensuring the safety of these multi-fuel vending points is of utmost importance. There are a number of challenges associated with ensuring safety in multi-fuel vending points. One challenge is the potential for fire or explosion. Hydrogen is a highly flammable gas, and any leaks or spills could lead to a serious accident. Electric vehicles also pose a fire risk, as they contain large batteries that can overheat and catch fire. This article presents recommendations to address safety aspects associated with the establishment of such points.
Formulating Policies
To promote the inclusion of green fuels in the country’s energy mix, policy formulations should consider factors such as usage type (individual/private, public, and semi-public), location, and the type of charger required. One effective approach is to convert existing fuel stations into hybrid stations, combining traditional fuel options with EV charging points.
However, caution must be exercised to avoid combining hydrogen fuel stations with existing petrol/diesel/CNG bunks in city areas, while highway points with ample space can accommodate such combinations. Converting
existing fuel stations into hybrid fuel stations is seen as a viable approach to facilitate the faster adoption of EVs in India.
Space Allocation or Separation of Fuel Points
While the establishment of multi-vending fuel points at the same site is generally not desirable, one potential solution is to bifurcate existing fuel points. This would involve creating separate sections for EV charging points and traditional fuel dispensers, with a clear distinction between them.
In city areas, hydrogen fuel stations should not be combined with petrol/diesel/CNG stations, but on highways, they could be co-located due to the availability of larger spaces. Adequate space allocation is crucial for the safe operation of multi-fuel vending points.
It is recommended to earmark a minimum space of 25 m X 25 m for 4-wheel vehicles and 15 m X 15 m for 2-wheel and 3-wheel vehicles, encompassing both EVs and existing vehicles. For integrating EV charger points into existing fuel stations, a suggested nominal space of 35 m X 35 m for 4-wheel vehicles and 25 m X 25 m for 2-wheel and 3-wheel vehicles is recommended.
Furthermore, hydrogen fuel stations require larger space due to storage needs and EV charging requirements. The minimum space requirement for a hydrogen fuel station is 50 m X 50 m, with a recommended size of 75 m X 75 m or more depending on feasibility.
Initially, it is advisable to locate hydrogen fuel stations outside cities and along highways. Multi-fuel vending machine from the same site is being pursued by many of the oil marking companies or other related companies or start-ups and as such may be allowed subject to statutory requirements (Approval from PESO, Electrical Inspectorate etc.). Minimum space requirements for the multi-fuel vending machine may be as per the URDPFI guidelines and subscribe to the rules prescribed by PESO.
Ensuring Safety
Combining hydrogen fuel stations with petrol/diesel/CNG stations can present fire hazards due to the flammability of hydrogen gas. Safety is of paramount importance when combining hydrogen fuel stations with EV charging points. The risk of fire hazards increases with hydrogen fuel stations, necessitating a bifurcation of hydrogen and EV charging stations to minimize potential dangers.
Hydrogen, being a highly flammable gas, requires careful handling to prevent fires and explosions. Therefore, adhering to safety guidelines, such as the National Fire Protection Association’s (NFPA) recommendations outlined in NFPA 30A-2021 Edition, is essential. These guidelines emphasize the need for emergency shutoff devices, appropriate electrical services, and the separation of EV charging spaces from fuel storage and handling areas. Implementing emergency shut-off devices for both fuelling systems and EV chargers, adhering to electrical service requirements, and ensuring proper separation of EV charging spaces from fuel storage are crucial safety measures to be implemented.
Challenges & Considerations for Existing Fuel Stations
While existing fuel stations may not be ideal for establishing charging infrastructure due to revenue loss and potential traffic congestion, it is still important to consider the safety aspects. Guidelines from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) should be followed to ensure the safe placement of EV charging stations along with existing fuel pumps. These guidelines cover emergency shut-off devices, separate electrical services, and appropriate spacing between fuel storage and charging equipment.
While multi-fuel vending points present opportunities for OMCs, challenges need to be addressed. Existing fuel stations may not be ideal for creating charging infrastructure due to potential revenue loss and dead investment for OMCs.
Long charging durations and resulting vehicle queues at fuel stations can lead to traffic congestion. Revenue per hour from EV charging is significantly lower compared to selling petrol or diesel, further challenging the financial viability. OMCs should carefully evaluate the costs and returns before implementing multi-fuel vending points, weighing the benefits of being part of the EV charging infrastructure against potential drawbacks.
Risk Addressing Fire Safety Measures for EV Charging Stations
Charging an EV presents potential fire risks. Measures such as In-Cable Control Boxes (ICCB) to regulate current flow, ground monitoring devices to prevent electric shock and fire, and temperature control devices to detect abnormal temperature increases should be implemented at EV charging stations. Additionally, a common fire suppression system with a rapid response time should be in place to prevent the spread of fires. Proper fire safety norms are to be adhered to as prescribed by PESO and Electrical Inspectorate to avoid any hazards.
Some Additional Considerations for Multi-fuel Vending Points
Cost: The cost of setting up and maintaining multi-fuel vending points can be high. This is especially true for hydrogen fuel stations, which require specialized equipment and infrastructure.
Regulations: There are a number of regulations governing the use of different types of fuels. These regulations can vary from state to state, so it is important to check with the local authorities before setting up a multi-fuel vending point.
Demand: The demand for different types of fuels can vary depending on the location. For example, hydrogen fuel stations are more likely to be successful in areas with a high concentration of electric vehicles.
Overall, multi-fuel vending points offer a promising opportunity to help India transition to greener fuels. However, it is important to carefully consider the costs, regulations, and demand before setting up such a facility. It is not recommended in general to install multi-fuel vending points, especially with EV charging stations and existing fuel stations (petrol/diesel/CNG). The opportunity presented for OMCs can be taken into consideration if and only the safety aspects completely comply with.
Summary
As India embraces the transition to greener fuels, the establishment of multi-fuel vending points becomes crucial. This article has presented recommendations for policymakers, Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs), and stakeholders to ensure the safe integration of various fuel options, including hydrogen, electricity for Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers, and solar-powered stations. By considering the safety aspects, we can pave the way for a faster adoption of electric vehicles and sustainable energy sources while minimizing potential risks. Recommendations for ensuring safety in multi-fuel vending points include:
Installing adequate fire suppression systems: Fire suppression systems are essential for preventing and mitigating fires at multi-fuel vending points. These systems should be designed to handle fires involving both hydrogen and electricity.
Providing adequate training for staff: Staff at multi-fuel vending points should be trained in the safe handling of hydrogen and electricity. This training should cover topics such as fire prevention, spill response, and emergency procedures.
Implementing strict safety protocols: Strict safety protocols should be implemented at multi-fuel vending points. These protocols should cover all aspects of operations, from fuel dispensing to customer service.
By taking these steps, we can help in ensuring that multi-fuel vending points are safe for both customers and staff. The recommendations outlined in this article address the need for policy considerations, proper separation of fuel points, minimum space requirements, safety measures, and adherence to regulations. By prioritizing safety, we can foster a smooth transition towards a cleaner and more sustainable transportation ecosystem while safeguarding public well-being.
Jeykishan Kumar K is an Engineering Officer at the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Division of Central Power Research Institute, Bengaluru.
